Tong, K., Datta, S., Cheng, V. et al. Genome duplication in a long-term multicellularity evolution experiment. Nature 639, 691–699 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08689-6
I just realized that the publication comes from Will Ratcliff’s group, working on the evolution of multicelullarity. An entry was posted here with a podcast featuring him not long ago, in case you’re curious: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43464770
Any self-replicating program that's in an environment that's degrading it over time, should ideally remember what the 'source code' was. It makes sense that it's about where this property emerges early on.
Yeah, when I saw the original comment I tried to find the source of the term but wasn't able to find it.
To me it sounds like medical genetics terminology (known for terms like "penetrance", "allele", "epistasis", "locus") whereas I'm a molecular biologist/biophysicist, which has far more precise ways of describing the underlying physical model.
Especially because there's a thing called a gene drive, and i thought this was a corresponding thing for whole genome duplication: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_drive
This is one of the ways we get all of the secondary metabolites from plants, most of the compounds in supplements and drugs that are active in humans. They come from mutations of the existing DNA, then are able to change from there without impacting the plant's core functions due to being duplicates:
"Gene duplications drive the recruitment of genes for secondary metabolism. Gene copies are gradually modified to create genes with specificities and expression patterns adapted to the needs of the new pathway in which they are involved. Duplicated genes are often in tandem repeats, forming clusters within the plant genome. However, in some cases, clusters of nonhomologous genes have also been identified as forming a functional unit. The selective forces that have caused the establishment of new pathways are far from understood and might have changed repeatedly during evolution owing to the continuously changing environment. Recent data show that the way several classes of secondary compounds are scattered among species is attributable to independent recruitment and the inactivation of biosynthetic enzymes."
If you want to understand secondary metabolites, which is not the "how" do they work part of plant-derived molecules, but the "why" do they work?
You can follow this line of research:
"Over recent years, the consensus as to the mechanisms responsible for these effects in humans has shifted away from polyphenols having direct antioxidant effects and toward their modulation of cellular signal transduction pathways. To date, little consideration has been given to the question of why, rather than how, these plant-derived chemicals might exert these effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the evidence suggesting that polyphenols beneficially affect human brain function and describes the current mechanistic hypotheses explaining these effects. It then goes on to describe the ecologic roles and potential endogenous signaling functions that these ubiquitous phytochemicals play within their home plant and discusses whether these functions drive their beneficial effects in humans via a process of “cross-kingdom” signaling predicated on the many conserved similarities in plant, microbial, and human cellular signal transduction pathways."
The paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08689-6
Tong, K., Datta, S., Cheng, V. et al. Genome duplication in a long-term multicellularity evolution experiment. Nature 639, 691–699 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08689-6
I just realized that the publication comes from Will Ratcliff’s group, working on the evolution of multicelullarity. An entry was posted here with a podcast featuring him not long ago, in case you’re curious: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43464770
Any self-replicating program that's in an environment that's degrading it over time, should ideally remember what the 'source code' was. It makes sense that it's about where this property emerges early on.
It has happened in plants over and over again.
And in yeast there has long been evidence for WGD. See, e.g., https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4529243/ & references therein.
Edit: I posted this without looking at the paper (which is about yeast). Doh.
Gene dose increases in plants lead to bigger vegetables and fruiting bodies. We've taken advantage of this during domestication of several species.
Gene dose increases in animals lead to total dysfunction and death in embryonic development.
Dosis sola facit venenum?
dose is such a weird term for "copies"
It’s quite… historical.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_dosage
Historical-sounding, maybe? It's still used in the literature:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-32144-z
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48960-4
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10757140/
Yeah, when I saw the original comment I tried to find the source of the term but wasn't able to find it.
To me it sounds like medical genetics terminology (known for terms like "penetrance", "allele", "epistasis", "locus") whereas I'm a molecular biologist/biophysicist, which has far more precise ways of describing the underlying physical model.
A term can be still used in literature for historical reasons. Both concepts are not mutually exclusive.
There are species of fish that have gone through whole genome duplication.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02299-z#:~:text=P...
In bacteria as well!
This is fascinating, but I don't know enough biology to understand the concepts at play. Could someone knowledgeable in the field explain it further?
'Scientists uncovered how whole-genome duplication emerges and remains stable over thousands of generations of evolution in the lab.'
No, the title is accurate as currently state: "Scientists uncover key mechanism in evolution: Whole-genome duplication drives long-term adaptation"
Evolution is as fascinating as it is predictive. Very neat read.
Assuming the title was trimmed, I would remove that last “drives” since it can be interpreted as a noun.
Yes, I had to trim the title to the character limit. Thanks for the tip for next time I run into this.
Especially because there's a thing called a gene drive, and i thought this was a corresponding thing for whole genome duplication: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_drive
My thoughts exactly!
I agree that the summary I copied and pasted doesn’t mention the impact on long-term adaptation. The title is a better summary than the summary!
No harm no foul!
This is one of the ways we get all of the secondary metabolites from plants, most of the compounds in supplements and drugs that are active in humans. They come from mutations of the existing DNA, then are able to change from there without impacting the plant's core functions due to being duplicates:
"Gene duplications drive the recruitment of genes for secondary metabolism. Gene copies are gradually modified to create genes with specificities and expression patterns adapted to the needs of the new pathway in which they are involved. Duplicated genes are often in tandem repeats, forming clusters within the plant genome. However, in some cases, clusters of nonhomologous genes have also been identified as forming a functional unit. The selective forces that have caused the establishment of new pathways are far from understood and might have changed repeatedly during evolution owing to the continuously changing environment. Recent data show that the way several classes of secondary compounds are scattered among species is attributable to independent recruitment and the inactivation of biosynthetic enzymes."
https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-138...
If you want to understand secondary metabolites, which is not the "how" do they work part of plant-derived molecules, but the "why" do they work?
You can follow this line of research:
"Over recent years, the consensus as to the mechanisms responsible for these effects in humans has shifted away from polyphenols having direct antioxidant effects and toward their modulation of cellular signal transduction pathways. To date, little consideration has been given to the question of why, rather than how, these plant-derived chemicals might exert these effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the evidence suggesting that polyphenols beneficially affect human brain function and describes the current mechanistic hypotheses explaining these effects. It then goes on to describe the ecologic roles and potential endogenous signaling functions that these ubiquitous phytochemicals play within their home plant and discusses whether these functions drive their beneficial effects in humans via a process of “cross-kingdom” signaling predicated on the many conserved similarities in plant, microbial, and human cellular signal transduction pathways."
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S216183132...
The functional aspect of the duplicated DNA goes back to the point that humans, insects, and plants are all eukaryotes...